The 1930s: Dust Bowl Migration
Evans, W. (1936, February). [Hitchhikers near Vicksburg, Mississippi] [Photograph]. Retrieved from https://www.loc.gov/item/2017762359/.
In the 1930s, the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl swept through the Southern Plains of the United States. Poverty and lack of opportunity caused roughly two and a half million people to move west, to California, seeking work and land. John Steinbeck wrote his 1939 Pulitzer Prize winning novel The Grapes of Wrath about a family of farmers driven from their lives in Oklahoma because of the Dust Bowl. Like countless other afflicted families, they headed west on Route 66 to find a better way of life. In Steinbeck’s novel, Route 66 serves as a place for the displaced to find community, a home for those without one, and a path to opportunity.
Woody Guthrie, a folk singer from Okemah, Oklahoma, was one of the many disenfranchised 'Okies' who made the trek to the Pacific on the nation’s two-lane highways. His 1940 album is considered a triumph of American folk music, with many of his songs archived in the Library of Congress for their cultural significance. Adapted from earlier folk songs, Guthrie’s “Going Down the Road Feeling Bad” captures the sentiment of the thousands of beaten-down migrant workers that left their lives in the mid-west, travelling across the country with the hope of redemption in the promised land of The Golden State.
“I’m going down this road feeling bad / I’m going down this road feeling bad / I’m going down this road feeling bad, bad, bad / And I ain’t gonna be treated this way”
"I’m going where the water tastes like wine / I’m going where the water tastes like wine / I’m going where the water tastes like wine, wine, wine / And I ain’t gonna be treated this way”
As thousands of migrants moved across the countryside, looking for opportunity, work, and salvation from hunger, poverty, and restlessness, the White House realized that the burgeoning need for new roads, and that the drastic rise in unemployment nationwide could be remedied with one simple fix. Thomas Lewis ironically points out, “the Depression only increased federal highway funding as politicians came to see the direct connection between highway construction and employment” (Lewis). President Roosevelt’s New Deal programs, which included the Public Works Administration and the Reconstruction Finance Administration, worked through the Bureau of Public Roads to funnel hundreds of millions of dollars to road-building projects annually. Between 1933 and 1940, the New Deal was responsible for “more than $1.8 billion in road construction and millions of man-years of employment” (Lewis). This success in legislation provided new roads for America and jobs for the Americans who needed them most. Inevitably, the money paid to workers was reinvested in roadside establishments as tourism boomed following the road’s completion. In this time of transition, the illuminated message of neon was a beacon of hope, representative of the road from poverty to success. Neon Nevada recounts, “the boldness and brightness of neon stood out in the outsized landscape of the American West and suited our brash belief that anything is possible and opportunity awaits all” (Laufer/Swan). The newfound security and confidence regarding the future of the country was promoted through the glowing roadside signals, selling a precursor to the American Dream that would become the signature of roadside displays nationwide following the conclusion of World War II.
Left: Delano, J. (1943 April). [Illinois Central R.R., freight cars in south water street freight terminal, Chicago, Ill.] [Photograph]. Retrieved from https://www.loc.gov/item/2017878174/.
Right: Lee, R. (1941 July). [On main street of Cascade, Idaho…] [Photograph]. Retrieved from https://www.loc.gov/item/2017877581/.