Neon
If highways were “a twentieth-century version of the earlier trails,” as Steve Fitch suggests, then neon signs are the “modern trail markers along the highway” (Fitch), indicating where fuel, food, and a place to stay could be found. In this sense, like Marshall McLuhan writes of electric light in Extensions of Man, neon light is “pure information. It is a medium without a message, as it were, unless it is used to spell out some verbal ad or name” (McLuhan). Twisted into brilliant flashing images, and commonplace, predictable phrases alike, America’s relationship with neon has always been one of both business and spectacle. If advertising sells a fantasy, neon immerses you in it. This is even more true looking back on neon landscape vernacular as relics of bygone eras. As Peter Laufer pointed out to me in a phone interview, neon signs “evoke a historical period that is radically different from ours today; It evokes a historical period when it was something new to be able to stop along the highway and go into a motel that was trying to offer accommodations that would be acceptable to the middle-class motorist with terminology like ‘clean rooms’ or ‘restaurant on premises’ or these kinds of things that seem redundant to the travel experience today” (Laufer). While neon signs are ultimately advertisements, the artistic and sociological function they serve in depicting the idiosyncrasies, attributes, and values of a locale is a typical characteristic of landscape vernacular.
As a whole, neon light has become recognizable as a metaphor for technological advancement, with it often being invoked to signify sci-fi retrofuturism, or a greater sense of possibility. 1995 television series Neon Genesis Evangelion is an excellent example of this. Laufer and Swan point out that neon is also “associated with the highest aspirations of the American dream as well as the lowest manifestations of commercialism and banality.” Again, this is due to its connection to advertisements encouraging the vapid consumption of goods such as beer, cigarettes, fast food, and coffee. As we will see, when neon works as vernacular landscape, it transcends the limited, mundane role of advertising and offers a glimpse into the hopes and dreams, as well as the realities of life, of the generations of Americans that once enjoyed its glow. In the coming sections, I am going to detail how neon, and the socio-politico-economic traits it portrays as landscape vernacular, has changed in response to the development of the road system in the United States, and specifically the development of the 1956 Interstate Highway System.
To analyze neon signs and other examples of landscape vernacular for cultural trends and socio-politico-economic values from a certain time and place, a distinction has to be made between the landscape vernacular created by social forces existing prior to World War II, and the landscape vernacular created by the post-war social forces of expansion and prosperity. Pre-war vernacular landscape neon is frequently just simple lettering advertising a good or service, sometimes paired with small embellishments like arrows and art deco style lines. Taken in 1942, Russell Lee’s photograph of a Hollywood gas station demonstrates neons ability to change a landscape. Its use transforms a gas station from a nondescript necessity to something noticeable and memorable, a welcome sight in the commuter’s journey to work. The sign itself uses a clock to indicate that the station offers service 24-hours a day. Post-war neon vernacular landscape still has the purpose of advertisement, however, their larger size and use of elaborate art pieces, as well as flashing light to imitate motion, tends to make post-war neon landscape vernacular more memorable than their pre-war counterparts. The greater artistic creativity of neon vernacular from the post-war period makes some of the social and economic values of the time more pronounced, such as the regional Arizona custom of using a swimming pool to escape the desert heat, and the broader cultural affluence necessary for that kind of recreation.
Pre-War Neon Landscape Vernacular: Lee, R. (1942 April). [Hollywood, California. Gasoline filling station at night] [Photograph]. Retrieved from https://www.loc.gov/item/2017850399/.
Post-War Neon Landscape Vernacular: Highsmith, C.M. (2018, March 29). [Creative “diver” neon sign at the old starlight motel in Mesa, a small Arizona city that became one of sprawling Phoenix’s many suburbs] [Photograph]. Retrieved from https://www.loc.gov/item/2018663503/.